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A handful of notes I made while building and packaging the new Intel/ARM universal binary of Rubber Band Audio for Mac. I might add to this if other things come up. See also my earlier notes about notarization.

Context

I'm using an ARM Mac – M1 or Apple Silicon – with macOS 11 'Big Sur', the application is in C++ using Qt, and everything is kicked off from the command line (I don't use Xcode).

To refer to machine architectures here I will use 'x86_64' for 64-bit Intel and 'arm64' for 64-bit ARM, since these are the terms the Apple tools use. Elsewhere they may also be referred to as 'amd64' for Intel, or 'aarch64' for ARM.

Universal binaries

A universal binary is one that contains builds for more than one processor architecture in separate 'slices'. They were used in the earlier architecture transitions as well. Some tools (such as the C compiler) can emit universal binaries directly when more than one architecture is requested, but this often isn't good enough: perhaps it doesn't fit in with the build system, or the architectures need different compiler flags or libraries. Then the answer is to run the build twice with separate output files and glue the resulting binaries together using the lipo tool which exists for the purpose.

How does the compiler decide which architecture(s) to emit?

The C compiler is a universal binary containing both arm64 and x86_64 'slices', and it seems to be capable of emitting either arm64 or x86_64 code regardless of which slice of its own binary you invoke.

Perhaps the clearest way to tell it which architecture to emit is to use the -arch flag. With this, cc -arch x86_64 targets x86_64, cc -arch arm64 targets arm64, and cc -arch x86_64 -arch arm64 creates a fat binary containing both architectures.

If you don't supply an -arch option, then it targets the same architecture as the process that invoked cc. The architecture of the invoking process is not necessarily the native machine architecture, so you can't assume that a compiler on an ARM Mac will default to arm64 output.

I imagine the mechanism for this is simply that the x86_64 slice of the compiler emits x86_64 unless told otherwise, the arm64 slice emits arm64 likewise, and when you exec the compiler you get whichever slice matches the architecture of the process you exec it from.

There's also a command called arch that selects a specific slice from a universal binary. So you can run arch -x86_64 make to run the x86_64 binary of make, so that any compiler it forks will default to x86_64. Or you can do things like arch -arm64 cc-arch x86_64 to run the arm64 binary of the compiler but produce an x86_64-only binary.

If you invoke a compiler directly from the shell without any of the above going on, then you get the machine native architecture. I assume this is just because a login shell is itself native.

For my builds I found it helpful to provide a cross-compile file to tell Meson explicitly which options to use for the architecture I wanted to target. That avoids the defaults being just an accident of whichever architecture Meson (or its Python interpreter, or Ninja) happened to be running in, without having to litter the build file with explicit architecture selections. I then scripted the build twice from a separate deployment script, using a different cross file for each, rather than try to have a single Meson file build both at once.

How do I target a particular version of macOS?

Use a flag like -mmacosx-version-min=10.13 at both compile and link time.

For ARM binaries, the oldest version you can target is 11. But you can still build a universal binary that combines this with an Intel binary built for an older version, and the result should run on those earlier versions of macOS as well.

How does a version of macOS decide whether my binary is compatible with it?

I had this question because I had built a universal binary (as above) in which the Intel slice was, I thought, built for macOS 10.13 or newer, but when I brought it to a machine with macOS 10.15 it showed as incompatible in the Finder and could not be opened there.

The answer is that it looks at the relevant architecture slice of the universal binary, and inspects it to find a Mach-O version number. In 'older' versions of the macOS SDK this version is written using the LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX load command; in 'newer' versions (I'm not quite sure when the cutoff is) it is tagged as the minos value of the LC_BUILD_VERSION load command instead. The linker quite logically decides which load command to write based on the value of the version number itself, so if you build -mmacosx-version-min=10.13 you get a binary with LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX specified.

You can display a binary's version information with the vtool tool, and it also appears in the list of information printed by otool -l. In theory you can also change this tag using vtool, but (a) that's a bad idea, fix it in the build instead and (b) vtool segfaulted when I tried it anyway.

And after all that, in my case the cause turned out to be that I'd failed to supply the -mmacosx-version-min flag at link time.

Why is my program being killed on startup?

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It appears that if you build a program for one architecture and then rebuild it for the other arch to the same executable file without deleting the executable in between, sometimes it doesn't run: it just gets 'killed (9)' on startup. I failed to discover why and I failed to reproduce it just now in a test build. I guess if that happens, delete the executable between builds.

* * *

Bonus grumble about Mac trackpad and mouse options

This is not useful content. Please do not attempt to read it

I haven't used a Mac in such earnest for a while now, so of course I've been rediscovering things about macOS that I don't get on with. One that I find particularly maddening is the way it handles scroll direction for the trackpad and an external mouse.

I switch between the two a lot, and I like to use the 'natural scrolling' direction (touchscreen-like, so your fingers are 'pushing' the content) with the trackpad, but the opposite with the mouse, which has a scroll wheel or wheel-like scrolling zone whose behaviour I became accustomed to before touchscreen devices started sprouting everywhere.

Fortunately, macOS provides separate touchpad and mouse sections in the system preferences, which contain separate switches for the scroll direction of the trackpad and mouse respectively.

Unfortunately, when you change one of them, the other one changes as well. They aren't separate options at all – they're just two different switches in different windows that happen to control the same single internal option! So every time I go from trackpad to mouse or back again, I have to also go to system preferences and switch the scroll direction by hand. That is so stupid.

(Linux and Windows both have separate options that actually work as separate options. Of course they do. Uphilt tilt! mac os. Why would they not?)

Is your Mac up to date with the latest version of the Mac operating system? Is it using the version required by a product that you want to use with your Mac? Which versions are earlier (older) or later (newer, more recent)? To find out, learn which version is installed now.

If your macOS isn't up to date, you may be able to update to a later version.

Which macOS version is installed?

From the Apple menu  in the corner of your screen, choose About This Mac. You should see the macOS name, such as macOS Big Sur, followed by its version number. If you need to know the build number as well, click the version number to see it.

Which macOS version is the latest?

These are all Mac operating systems, starting with the most recent. When a major new macOS is released, it gets a new name, such as macOS Big Sur. As updates that change the macOS version number become available, this article is updated to show the latest version of that macOS.

If your Mac is using an earlier version of any Mac operating system, you should install the latest Apple software updates, which can include important security updates and updates for the apps that are installed by macOS, such as Safari, Books, Messages, Mail, Music, Calendar, and Photos.

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